On 14 April 2026, the United States of America and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia signed a Tax Information Exchange Agreement (“Saudi–US TIEA”) in Washington, DC, establishing a formal framework for cooperation and tax information sharing between the US Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and Saudi Arabia’s Zakat, Tax and Customs Authority (ZATCA).

For businesses and individuals operating across both jurisdictions, the Saudi–US TIEA represents a shift in tax transparency and enforcement capability, but not a change in substantive domestic or international tax rules. Importantly, the Saudi–US TIEA does not reduce tax liabilities, create treaty relief, or introduce new filing or registration obligations. Rather, the Saudi–US TIEA enhances the ability of both tax authorities to access and exchange information that was previously difficult to obtain across borders. 

Under the Saudi–US TIEA:

• The objective of the Saudi–US TIEA is to enable the competent authorities of the United States and Saudi Arabia to provide mutual assistance through the exchange of information that is foreseeably relevant to the administration and enforcement of their respective domestic tax laws.
• Information exchange is permitted upon request by the competent authority of either Contracting State (i.e., the United States and Saudi Arabia). Where the requested authority does not already hold sufficient information to respond, it must use all relevant information gathering powers to obtain and provide the requested information, even if that information is not required for its own tax purposes.
• Where specifically requested, the competent authority of the requested State shall, to the extent permitted under its domestic law:
  • Obtain testimony and secure original and unedited books, records, and other data;
  • Obtain information and statements regarding (i) the authenticity of such materials and (ii) the purpose for which, and manner in which, they are or were maintained;
  • Perform any other act not contrary to its laws or administrative practice; and
  • Certify whether the requested procedures were followed, or explain why they could not be followed.
• The information subject to exchange may include bank and financial records, as well as legal and beneficial ownership information.
• The requested Contracting State is not required to obtain or provide information that the applicant State could not itself obtain under its own laws for tax enforcement purposes. Moreover, assistance may be refused where a request does not comply with the Saudi–US TIEA, or where disclosure would divulge confidential or privileged communications or would be contrary to public policy.
• Any information exchanged pursuant to the Saudi–US TIEA must be treated as confidential by the applicant State in the same manner as information obtained under its own domestic law and may be disclosed only to persons or authorities involved in the assessment, collection, administration, enforcement, or prosecution of tax laws, or in the determination of related appeals, as well as oversight of those functions.
• The Saudi–US TIEA also permits automatic and spontaneous exchanges of information, subject to further mutual agreement on scope and procedures.

On the US side, the Saudi–US TIEA covers federal income taxes, federal employment and self-employment taxes, federal estate and gift taxes, and federal excise taxes. On the Saudi side, its scope encompasses income tax, zakat, value-added tax (VAT), and excise taxes.

The Saudi–US TIEA will enter into force one month after Saudi Arabia notifies the United States that its internal ratification procedures have been completed. Once in force, it applies to information requests relating to taxable periods beginning on or after 1 January of the third year preceding entry into force.

A Tax Information Exchange Agreement should be distinguished from a Double Tax Treaty (DTT). A DTT allocates taxing rights among jurisdictions and typically provides direct taxpayer benefits, such as reduced withholding tax rates or relief from double taxation. The United States and Saudi Arabia do not currently have a DTT, and the Saudi–US TIEA does not aim to introduce such provisions. Rather, the Saudi–US TIEA is an enforcement and transparency instrument. Its primary effect is to expand the ability of both tax authorities to access information relevant to cross‑border activity, particularly in cases where key facts, documentation, or counterpart evidence reside in the other jurisdiction. Arrangements that were previously difficult to scrutinize for practical or informational reasons are now far more readily examinable.

From a practical standpoint, taxpayers with US–Saudi cross‑border exposure should take this development as an opportunity to reassess, in a holistic manner, whether their existing structures and tax positions are genuinely audit‑ready and capable of withstanding coordinated scrutiny by both tax authorities. In particular, intercompany arrangements should be reviewed to ensure that contractual documentation accurately reflects the commercial substance of the underlying relationships. The classification and withholding tax treatment of cross‑border payments merits renewed attention, as do the robustness and internal consistency of transfer pricing documentation, which should be firmly grounded in actual conduct and value creation. Equally important is the maintenance of complete and consistent beneficial ownership records across jurisdictions. Finally, given the potentially retroactive application of the agreement to tax periods preceding its entry into force, taxpayers would be well advised to confirm that historical documentation for earlier years remains readily available, coherent, and defensible in the event of information requests or audits.

The Saudi–US TIEA marks a clear step toward greater tax transparency and coordinated enforcement between the United States and Saudi Arabia. Taxpayers operating between these countries should respond by ensuring that their existing positions are accurate, well‑documented, and defensible in light of increased information exchange and taxpayer scrutiny.

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